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Navigation lights signal your location and relative direction of travel to other aircraft flying close by. Green lights signify that an aircraft is flying away from the observer, Red lights indicate that the aircraft is flying toward the observer. White lights are also used to indicate heading and to signify an aircraft that is preparing for landing.  

Anti-collision lights come in two variations: red beacons and white strobes. These are mandatory to use at night and recommended to use during the day. The red beacon is a warning to other pilots that the engine will soon be activated. High intensity white strobes serve the purpose of increasing a plane’s visibility. 

Landing lights are used to illuminate runways. These are high powered lights that increase aircraft visibility and improve safety. They typically generate a substantial amount of heat and are easily damaged; using them for prolonged periods of time can shorten their longevity. A commercial pilot typically activates the landing lights on takeoff and when they are preparing to land (below 10,000 feet).

Taxi lights are used when a plane is maneuvering between taxiways; often from the terminal to the runway, between gates, etc.  Some smaller planes are constructed with a single landing light, which doubles as a taxi light. 

Runway turnoff lights support the functions of taxi lights in that they illuminate runway turnoffs. On departure, they’re used for taxiing. On arrival, they’re turned on to supplement the landing lights. Wing lights are designed to outline the edges of each wing. Some airports require them to be turned on when pilots are entering the runway—for better visibility of the plane. Pilots can also use wing lights to signal other aircraft. 

Aircraft beacons/lights are vital components in the overall functioning of aircraft and provide an extra layer of safety.